Paraplegia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

1. Introduction:

Disability is a state of being physically, mentally, or psychologically challenged in such a way as to be unable to perform daily chores like any other normal human being. It may be congenital or acquired later in life. There are different types of disabilities like visual impairment, hearing impairment, loco-motor disability, mental retardation, etc. Paraplegia is one type of disability that is caused by damage to the spinal cord or nerves in the lower half of the body. This results in loss of movement and sensation in the lower limbs and sometimes the trunk as well.

2. What is paraplegia?:

Paraplegia is a condition in which there is paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk due to damage to the spinal cord or nerves in the lower half of the body. The word ‘paraplegia’ is derived from the Greek words ‘para’ meaning ‘beside’ or ‘near’ and ‘plegia’ meaning ‘to strike or to cripple’. In medical terms, paraplegia is also known as ‘lower motor neuron paralysis’.

3. The different types of paraplegia:

There are various types of paraplegia depending on the level of damage to the spinal cord or nerves. The different types of paraplegia are as follows:

a) Tetraplegia: This is also known as quadriplegia and is a condition in which all four limbs are paralyzed due to damage to the cervical region of the spinal cord.

b) Triplegia: This is a condition in which three limbs are paralyzed due to damage to the thoracic or lumbar region of the spinal cord.

c) Diplegia: This is a condition in which both upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed due to damage to either the cerebral cortex or brain stem.

d) Hemiplegia: This is a condition in which both upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed due to damage to either the cerebral cortex or brain stem.

4. Causes of paraplegia:

The main causes of paraplegia are injuries to the spinal cord or nerves in the lower half of the body. These injuries can be due to accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, etc. Other causes include degenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis, polio, spina bifida, etc. Paraplegia can also be caused by tumors or infections affecting the spinal cord or nerves.

5. Symptoms of paraplegia:

The main symptom of paraplegia is paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk. Other symptoms include loss of sensation in the affected area, loss of bowel and bladder control, muscle weakness, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Paraplegics may also experience respiratory problems and skin problems due to immobility.

6. How is paraplegia diagnosed?:

Paraplegia is diagnosed based on the symptoms and medical history of the patient. A physical examination is done to check for muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and reflexes. Imaging tests like MRI and CT scan may be done to visualize the spinal cord and nerves. Neurological tests may also be done to assess the function of the nervous system.

7. Treatment for paraplegia:

There is no cure for paraplegia, but there are various treatments available to improve the quality of life of patients. These include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and psychological counselling. Surgery may be required in some cases to correct deformities or to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. Assistive devices like wheelchairs, crutches, and braces can also help paraplegics to lead a normal life.

8. Living with paraplegia:

Paraplegia can be a physically and emotionally challenging condition to live with. However, with proper treatment and support, people with paraplegia can lead normal and fulfilling lives. They can stay active and participate in various activities like sports, arts, etc. There are also various organizations that provide support and assistance to people with paraplegia and their families.

9. Conclusion:

Paraplegia is a disabling condition that can have a major impact on the life of the affected individual. However, with proper treatment and support, people with paraplegia can lead normal and fulfilling lives.

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